potawatomi burial practices potawatomi burial practices
Centuries ahead of current eco-friendly trends, Native American burials are naturally green. In 1852, the President allowed the Menominee to stay on a temporary reservation on the Wolf River in northeastern Wisconsin. Several Ojibwe bands in the United States cooperate in the Great Lakes Indian Fish & Wildlife Commission, which manages the treaty hunting and fishing rights in the Lake Superior-Lake Michigan areas. The five original Anishinaabe doodem were the Wawaazisii (Bullhead), Baswenaazhi (Echo-maker, i.e., Crane), Aan'aawenh (Pintail Duck), Nooke (Tender, i.e., Bear) and Moozoonsii (Little Moose). 4.4.1 Traditional. This was important because it allowed the spirit of the dead to journey to its place of joy and happiness. His crime, based on his marriage to a Potawatomi woman, was deemed intercourse with the enemy.. Other staple foods of the Ojibwe were fish, maple sugar, venison and corn. Food is a precious commodity. It works to provide assistance to member tribes and advocate for policies to improve the lives of Michigans Native Americans. The Menominee, who speak a language of the Algonkian language family, are the only present-day tribe in Wisconsin whose origin story indicates they have always lived in the state. [24] The traditional Native American diet was seasonally dependent on hunting, fishing and the foraging and farming of produce and grains. Get your first look at sample sketches of some of the exhibits in the Future Museum's Milwaukee Revealed gallery. Tomah, one of the most influential Menominee chiefs, refused to support Tecumseh, but did not stop other Menominee from joining Tecumseh and the British against the United States during the War of 1812. Through their friendship with the French traders (coureurs des bois and voyageurs), the Ojibwe gained guns, began to use European goods, and began to dominate their traditional enemies, the Lakota and Fox to their west and south. Shamans of various types maintained high levels of personal spiritual power. Warriors of native nations would not go back and dig up the graves of dead enemies; such actions were forbidden. And, while Native beliefs hold that death is not the end of life, sympathy is welcome to help ease the loss of the loved one. The Sault Tribe News. The Eyaawing Museum promotes the history of the Grand Traverse Band of Anishinaabek. The popularity of the epic poem The Song of Hiawatha, written by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow in 1855, publicized the Ojibwe culture. Today, the Ojibwe reside in more than 150 federally recognized communities in Canada and the Instead of village councils, a tribal council formed to deal with problems which faced the dispersed bands. At their "third stopping place", near the present-day city of Detroit, Michigan, the Anishinaabeg divided into six groups, of which the Ojibwe was one. The Ojibwe have spiritual beliefs that have been passed down by oral tradition under the Midewiwin teachings. Each clan had certain responsibilities among the people. Mzinigangamik - Cultural Library (LTBB Library). This gallery will immerse visitors in city streetscapes they can explore to learn about the history of Milwaukee, the people who came to settle and live here, and its interconnected systems, neighborhoods, and ecologies (and where future generations of children can shop for a sweet treat). [citation needed] Although many variations exist in the literature, "Chippewa" is more common in the United States, and "Ojibway" predominates in Canada,[8] but both terms are used in each country. Upon marriage, a couple usually went to live with the husband's family. Brother, it is the Indian custom when engaged to be very angry, but when we. The Council is a consortium of Michigans Federally Recognized Tribes. The reservation hospital at Keshena closed due to the lack of federal funds. [33] This was a journey that took four days. American Anthropologist, 46: 564568. The world holds the power of the Creator and we are a part of that power. The Ojibwe language is Anishinaabemowin, a branch of the Algonquian language family. the Algonquian language of the Potawatomi, closely related to Ojibwe. They were sometimes referred to as "white" because of their fathers, regardless if their mothers were Ojibwe, as they had no official place in the Ojibwe society. The Ziibiwing Center promotes the culture of the Saginaw Chippewa Indian Tribe and Great Lakes Anishinaabek culture. Their dreams of spirits in animal form were interpreted by shamans who delineated what responsibilities the youngster owed to the guardian spirit and what powers could be gained and held through obligation to that spirit. The Menominee underwent Termination early because the federal government felt the tribe possessed the economic resources necessary to succeed without governmental supervision. WebIts practitioners are called Waabanow and the practices of Waabanowin referred to as the Waabano. The Potawatomi Heritage Center is a part of the Hannahville Indian Community and offers people the chance to view various artifacts and learn about the communitys history. Many individuals belonged to the Medicine Lodge, which was organized to ensure good health and long life. The Ojibwe people were divided into a number of doodemag (clans; singular: doodem) named primarily for animals and birds totems (pronounced doodem). The battle took place along the Brule River (Bois Brl) in what is today northern Wisconsin and resulted in a decisive victory for the Ojibwe. Kin relations demanded respect between those called brothers and sisters (including parallel cousins -- father's brother's children and mother's sister's children) and in-laws of the opposite sex. The meaning of the name Ojibwe is not known; the most common explanations for the name derivations are: Because many Ojibwe were formerly located around the outlet of Lake Superior, which the French colonists called Sault Ste. Their use of such shells demonstrates there is a vast, longstanding trade network across the continent. [4], The Ojibwe are known for their birchbark canoes, birchbark scrolls, mining and trade in copper, as well as their harvesting of wild rice and maple syrup. In the 1860s, epidemics of smallpox, dysentery, and other diseases introduced from Europe killed hundreds of Menominee. However, like any ceremony, the practices vary, and individual families and communities may have different approaches. By 1872, the Menominee gained temporary federal permission to harvest and sell their own timber. "One Called From A Distance" (Midwewinind) of the White Earth Band, 1894. [51] The gum is used for sores and a compound containing leaves is used as wash. His brother, Tecumseh, assembled a pan-Indian military force to fight the Americans. In Oklahoma, Pottawatomie County is ranked 6th of 77 counties in Cemeteries per capita, and 3rd of 77 counties in Cemeteries per square mile.. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society, 2010. In the United States, many Ojibwe communities safe-guard their burial mounds through the enforcement of the 1990 Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act. Within traditional communities, the Medicine Lodge remained strong, and many Menominee also adopted the Dream Dance or Dream drum from Plains tribes, providing an important cohesive force within and between these communities. The GTB Heritage library contains collections focusing on the Native American community, self-help, and child care. At puberty, boys and girls would fast for up to ten days, living isolated in a small wigwam built for that purpose. [25][26], One traditional method of making granulated sugar known among the Anishinabe was to boil maple syrup until reduced and pour into a trough, where the rapidly cooling syrup was quickly processed into maple sugar using wooden paddles.[27]. This is disputed since some scholars believe that only the name migrated west. The liquid balsam from bark blisters is used for sore eyes. It represents Michigans Native American culture and Blackbirds work in settling land claims and achieving citizenship for Native Americans. The exonym for this Anishinaabe group is Ojibwe (plural: Ojibweg). [52] The bark gum is taken for chest soreness from colds, applied to cuts and sores, and decoction of the bark is used to induce sweating. His brother, Tecumseh, assembled a pan-Indian military force to fight the Americans. But unlike the Mide, the Waabano have sometimes two levels and sometimes four. It said that if the Anishinaabeg did not move farther west, they would not be able to keep their traditional ways alive because of the many new pale-skinned settlers who would arrive soon in the east. They ought to show us a better example. Women also collected a wide variety of wild plant foods, including berries, nuts, roots, and wild greens. All tribal property and assets were held by Menominee Enterprises, Incorporated. Together with the chief of the Bear moiety, who also served as the head chief, the village council regulated civil affairs where necessary. Indian Boarding Schools still exist, of which some have been in operation since the 1800s, although their curriculum isnow generally Native centric,includingclasses thatre-introduce aspects ofnativeculture. [citation needed] See also the listing of Saulteaux communities. Throughout life, this power was protected and guarded, and through correct ways of life it grew. Some aspects of the old dual division of the tribe still existed, but the line drawn between the groups became focused on those who were traditional versus those who had converted to Christianity. Jesuit missionaries left the area in 1728, but French soldiers and traders remained in Wisconsin throughout the 1700s. The use of petroforms, petroglyphs, and pictographs has been common throughout the Ojibwe traditional territories. [15] Today, most of the language's fluent speakers are elders. Since the early 21st century, there is a growing movement to revitalize the language and restore its strength as a central part of Ojibwe culture. In Canada, they are the second-largest First Nations population, surpassed only by the Cree. [48] They also use a decoction of the root as an herbal steam for rheumatic joints. WebHe was the leader of the Potawatomi American Indian tribe which came into prominence in the area of Illinois during the early 1800's. In the latter area, the French Canadians called them Ojibwe or Saulteaux. 2018, Regents of the University of Michigan, Highlights resources pertaining to Indigenous Peoples, and the focus is on communities Indigenous to Turtle Island (North America), Online Video ( Clips, Presentations, Programs Etc..), https://guides.lib.umich.edu/c.php?g=283427, Algonquian Language Family (Anishinaabe/Ojibwe/Chippewa), H.R. Congress allocated $447,339, with $150,000 to be used by the Forest County Potawatomi to buy their own land, which was then put under federal trust for the tribe. The Ojibwe believed it was a fully shared resource, along with air, water and sunlightdespite having an understanding of "territory". During the summer game animals like deer, beaver, moose, goose, duck, rabbits and bear were hunted. The recipient of the bundle must then find individuals that he or she believes to be worthy, and pass on one of the new pieces of clothing. For other uses, see, Precontact distribution of Ojibwe-speaking people, Allis, Ellary. The Menominee and Ho-Chunk later argued that these agreements were invalid because they had not been informed of all of the treaties' provisions. The United States won the war and gained possession of the Midwest, including Wisconsin. Brother, they did not allow our dead to rest. We do not disturb their dead. In this work he describes how he became knowledgeable about both Native American and white cultural traditions and chronicles his struggles to achieve two years of higher education He mistakenly omitted the Ojibwe located in Michigan, western Minnesota and westward, and all of Canada. Whenever they get any of our people into their hands they cut them like meat into small pieces. They are one of the most numerous Indigenous Peoples north of the Rio Grande. They are part of the Council of Three Fires (which also include the Odawa and Potawatomi) and of the larger Anishinaabeg, which also include Algonquin, Nipissing, and Oji-Cree people. The Spirit of The Dead According To Ojibwe Beliefs., Hilger, M. Inez (1944), Chippewa Burial and Mourning Customs. State recognition builds relationships between tribal and state governments but does not automatically confer federal benefits to tribes. ("Aaniin gidoodem?" White, Richard (July 31, 2000). or "Awanen gidoodem?") Because creation is complex, diverse religious explanations can exist harmoniously within one group, yet can all be sacred. The Michigan State Government recognizes four Native American tribes. WebThe Pottawatomie People, the original occupants of much of the Chicago area, had established a graveyard here. Chief medicine man Axel Pasey and family at Grand Portage Minnesota. [41] The Ojibwa are documented to use the root of Uvularia grandiflora for pain in the solar plexus, which may refer to pleurisy. Tribal burial assistance programs help offset the impact and cost of the final disposition process. And we notethat our university stands, like almost all property in the United States, on lands obtained, generally in unconscionable ways, from indigenous peoples who continue to be unconscionably treated. (This has since been developed as the present-day Duluth/Superior cities.) The clans were exogamous, so individuals could not marry a person of the same clan. For example, ninooshenh is "my mother's sister" or "my father's sister-in-law"i.e., my parallel-aunt, but also "my parent's female cross-cousin". In 1970, a few Menominees banded together and created the Determination of Rights and Unity for Menominee Shareholders (DRUMS) group, which sought to end termination and restore the Menominee status as a federally recognized tribe. Sacred services are both personal and communal experiences meant to shape the individual. At a later time, one of these miigis appeared in a vision to relate a prophecy. As the people continued to migrate westward, the "northern branch" divided into a "westerly group" and a "southerly group". The word in the Ojibwe language means "my fellow clansman. [21] After losing the war in 1763, France was forced to cede its colonial claims to lands in Canada and east of the Mississippi River to Britain. This was the beginning of the end of the Iroquois Confederacy as they were put on the defensive. As such, there is no one set of Native American funeral customs. An appreciation for complexity and diversity inhibits proselytizing. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2010. Other Indians called them Menominee (also spelled Menomini), derived from manomin, an Algonkian word for wild rice, because it is a major food source for the tribe. When identified major historical bands located in Michigan and Ontario are added, the count becomes 15:[citation needed]. The tribes were able to retain small pockets of land in the territory.[23]. In the upper world, the sun was at the highest level, followed by the Thunderbirds and the Morning Star,the golden eagles (symbols of war),and the other birds led by the bald eagle. Buy Sympathy FlowersShop Funeral StationeryBrowse Memorial Items. The museum offers indoor and outdoor exhibits with collections featuring Ojibwe culture and the lifestyle of tribes on the Huron. Rather than a single tribe or civilization, the Hopewell Culture was made up of related populations living in large, urban settlements with high levels of social stratification and practicing intensive agriculture, all traits corresponding to what In recent years, the Wisconsin Potawatomi have increased the amount of reservation land they have under federal trust. This encouraged the Menominee to abandon their large permanent villages and instead live in bands that spent spring and summer in semi-permanent villages of several hundred people. The Saginaw Chippewa Tribal Library provides resources and services that promote the revitalization of Native American culture, the Seven Grandfather Teachings, literacy, and Ojibwe culture and language. A tribal constitution was adopted in 1928, actually preceding the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 which allowed tribes to maintain their own governments. of or relating to the Potawatomi or their language. The traditional ways, ideas, and teachings are preserved and practiced in such living ceremonies. Chippewa baby teething on "Indians at Work" magazine while strapped to a cradleboard at a rice lake in 1940. Families who resisted saw their children forcibly removed from their homes. While traditional Menominee religion remained strong in some communities such as Zoar, the Peyote religion was also introduced in 1914 by a Potawatomi missionary and the Warrior's Dance or Brave Dance -- a Menominee tradition which had fallen out of use -- was reintroduced in 1925 from the Ojibwe. After Pontiac's War and adjusting to British colonial rule, the Ojibwe allied with British forces and against the United States in the War of 1812. Also, it is not uncommon for tribal funeral customs to integrate some Christian practices into their services. Over the four days, food is also offered to the spirit. Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians. [19], Often, treaties known as "peace and friendship treaties" were made to establish community bonds between the Ojibwe and the European settlers. Brother, I have listened with a good deal of attention to the wish of our father. The museum features the work of tribal artists, education materials, books, and maps. This view places human beings on the same level as insects or animals. This soon became a success, but the Pine Ring continued their efforts to purchase tribal timber lands. The Ottawa chief Pontiac at Detroit led a general uprising against the British in 1763, and sent envoys to the Menominee to ask them to join him. The "westerly group" of the "northern branch" migrated along the Rainy River, Red River of the North, and across the northern Great Plains until reaching the Pacific Northwest. The Ojibwa stopped the Iroquois advance into their territory near Lake Superior in 1662. At the same time the Iroquois were subjected to attacks by the French. [16] They traded widely across the continent for thousands of years as they migrated, and knew of the canoe routes to move north, west to east, and then south in the Americas. They dug up their graves, and the bones of our ancestors were thrown away and we could never find them to return them to the ground. Brother, it is the Indian custom when engaged to be very angry, but when wetake prisoners to treat them kindly.. This was the final war for control of the Midwest, and the United States gained undisputed sovereignty over the region. (adapted from statements by La Casa,American Cultureand INSciTS). The six miigis then returned to the ocean as well. 748 - Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act, the Catholepistemiad or University of Michigania, "they stipulated that three sections be given"'for the Church of Ste. The French called the Menominee Folles Avoines --"the wild oats people.". Religious and social changes also occurred during the 20th century. In 1951, the tribe received $8.5 million from the federal government as compensation for losses due to mismanagement of their logging operations in the 1890s. According to Ojibwe oral history and from recordings in birch bark scrolls, the Ojibwe originated from the mouth of the Saint Lawrence River on the Atlantic coast of what is now Quebec. The Europeans preferred to deal with groups, and tried to identify those they encountered.[17]. Treuer, Anton. With this acknowledgment, we recognize these First Nations' contemporary and ancestral ties to the land and their contributions to the University of Michigan. Marie). WebThe sophistication of Potawatomi farming was unparalleled in the Great Lakes. The reservation era brought about new challenges and disruptions. Traditionally Potawatomi funeral rituals were conducted by the clan of the deceased. Added to food offerings, tobacco is also offered as it is considered one of four sacred medicines traditionally used by Ojibwe communities. To replace your childs enrollment card, call (785) 966-3910 or email group-memberservices@pbpnation.org. [5][failed verification] Their Midewiwin Society is well respected as the keeper of detailed and complex scrolls of events, oral history, songs, maps, memories, stories, geometry, and mathematics. Anne de Detroit'and the other to the newly established University of Michigan 'because the Indiansmay wish some of their children hereafter educated. In it,"they stipulated that three sections be given"'for the Church of Ste. When Tenskwatawa (the Shawnee Prophet) began preaching his doctrine of resistance to American encroachment in 1805, some Menominee traveled to Ohio to hear his teachings. Elders were the most powerful in terms of spirit. While some of this land went to the three New York tribes, the United States retained a significant portion. To this very day, tribes are working to return their sacred dead back to the earth. Like the Midewiwin, the Waabanowin is a secretive animistic religion, requiring an initiation. Their summer villages were composed of rectangular bark cabins with peaked roofs, and winter housing consisted of bark and mat-covered wigwams. Subsequently, France ceded most of the land in Upper Canada to Great Britain. A proper burial that if not done correctly can lead to the deceased individual haunting the family, as well as others in the community. A-na-cam-e-gish-ca (Aanakamigishkaang/"[Traces of] Foot Prints [upon the Ground]"), Ojibwe chief, from History of the Indian Tribes of North America, Bust of Aysh-ke-bah-ke-ko-zhay (Eshkibagikoonzhe or "Flat Mouth"), a Leech Lake Ojibwe chief, Chief Beautifying Bird (Nenaa'angebi), by Benjamin Armstrong, 1891, Bust of Beshekee, war chief, modeled 1855, carved 1856, Caa-tou-see, an Ojibwe, from History of the Indian Tribes of North America, Jack-O-Pa (Zhaagobe/"Six"), a St. Croix Ojibwe chief, from History of the Indian Tribes of North America, Kay be sen day way We Win, by Eastman Johnson, 1857, Kei-a-gis-gis, a Plains Ojibwe woman, painted by George Catlin, Leech Lake Ojibwe delegation to Washington, 1899. The United States Bureau of Indian Affairs, a branch of the Fish, Wildlife, and Recreation Service, recognizes some Native American Tribes. Their names are incribed [sic] on the crosses May they rest in peace All Rights Reserved. Knowledge of herbal medicines and cures was also strong. Most Ojibwe, except for the Great Plains bands, have historically lived a settled (as opposed to nomadic) lifestyle, relying on fishing and hunting to supplement the cultivation of numerous varieties of maize and squash, and the harvesting of manoomin (wild rice) for food. Within three years of this decision, the Menominee became one of the first tribes in the United States to undergo a new federal program called Termination, signed by President Dwight Eisenhower in June of 1954. What I say is known to all the people present. Brother, last year at Chicago and St. Josephs the Big Knives destroyed all our corn. Many Potawatomi families purchased 40- to 80-acre farms in Forest County, Wisconsin. Ojibwe in Minnesota. The use and trade of copper across the continent has also been proof of a large trading network that took place for thousands of years, as far back as the Hopewell tradition. Termination of the Menominee Tribe led to a drastic decline in tribal employment, increased poverty, and brought about devastating reductions in basic services and health care. Each moon signifies a certain cultural teaching corresponding to the cycle of life and nature. Their second major settlement, referred to as their "seventh stopping place", was at Shaugawaumikong (or Zhaagawaamikong, French, Chequamegon) on the southern shore of Lake Superior, near the present La Pointe, Wisconsin. Once preparations were complete, the body would be placed in an inflexed position with their knees towards their chest. The various Menominee bands could no longer support a seasonal, dispersed band life on their new reservation, so the band leaders chose areas on the reservation and settled there with the members of their band largely living around them. All life is an equal part of creation. The creators of thisguide acknowledgethe University of Michigans origins in the1817Foot of the Rapids (Fort Meigs)treaty betweenthe United States andthe "Wyandot, Seneca, Delaware, Shawanese, Potawatomees, Ottawas and Cheppeway." All federal services ended with the assumption that the tribe could service itself. But we'll have a band of Potawatomi scouts led by one of their chiefs, Billy Caldwell, to guide us. Each lineage -- a group of people related via a common ancestor -- had a lineage chief who served on a village council with other lineage chiefs. It provides educational opportunities that reflect Anishinaabe culture and the Seven Grandfather Teachings. This system of kinship reflects the Anishinaabe philosophy of interconnectedness and balance among all living generations, as well as of all generations of the past and of the future. In two subsequent treaties, the 1836 Treaty of the Cedars and the 1848 Treaty of Lake Poygan, the Menominee sold their remaining lands to the United States. For the early habitat of the Potawatomi, consult Croghan's Journals, in our volume i, p. 115 note 84. Petroforms and medicine wheels have been used to teach important spiritual concepts, record astronomical events, and to use as a mnemonic device for certain stories and beliefs. [40] The South Ojibwa use a decoction of the root Viola canadensis for pains near the bladder. In many Ojibwe communities throughout Canada and the U.S. since the late 20th century, more members have been using the generalized name Anishinaabe(-g). If the seventh had stayed, it would have established the Thunderbird doodem. 28 The Potawatomi used clay pottery similar to these for everyday use 29 Traditional Foods The MIEC is a non-profit organization that advocates for Native American education in the state of Michigan and hosts conferences for people interested in tribal education issues. Likewise, outsiders who express curiosity about Native American traditions may be regarded with suspicion. The Ojibwe signed treaties with settler leaders to surrender land for settlement in exchange for compensation, land reserves and guarantees of traditional rights. For details and exceptions, see the Library Copyright Policy. The National Native American Boarding School Healing Coalition aims to address the trauma created by the implementation of the Boarding School Policy that mandated indigenous peoples families to send their children to Indian Boarding Schools. Fish nets were made from basswood bark cord. During spring and summer, they camped and gathered maple syrup, fished, planted gardens, and gathered wild rice. The six established doodem (clans) for people in the east, symbolized by animals. [49] They use the needle-like leaves in as part of ceremony involving the sweatbath, and use the gum for colds and inhale the leaf smoke for colds. 3 manages the Treaty 3 hunting and fishing rights related to the area around Lake of the Woods. Indigenous peoples of the Eastern Woodlands, Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Ohio, Hopewell Culture National Historical Park, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ojibwe&oldid=1149879658, Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands, CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown, "Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation, Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters, Articles lacking reliable references from October 2021, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles with failed verification from October 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2023, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 2022, Articles needing additional references from September 2017, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011, Articles needing additional references from December 2021, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, St. Croix-Namekagon River valleys in eastern Minnesota and northern Wisconsin, North-central Minnesota and Mississippi River headwaters, Dokis Band (Dokis's and Restoule's bands), northwest side of Lake Superior at the CanadaUS border, northeast of Lake Superior and west of Lake Nipissing, Chippewas of Lake Simcoe and Huron (Historical), Bois Brule River Band of Lake Superior Chippewa, Chippewa River Band of Lake Superior Chippewa, Removable St. Croix Chippewa Indians of Wisconsin, Lake Vermilion Band of Lake Superior Chippewa, Little Forks Band of Rainy River Saulteaux, Removable Lake Superior Bands of Chippewa of the Chippewa Reservation, Pokegama Lake Band of Mississippi Chippewa, Removable Sandy Lake Band of Mississippi Chippewa, St. Croix Band of Chippewa Indians of Minnesota, Snake and Knife Rivers Band of Chippewa Indians, Osnaburg House Band of Ojibway and Cree (Historical), Treaty of Peace with Sioux, Chippewa and Winnebago (1787), Chenail Ecarte (Sombra Township) Purchase (1796), Treaty of Washington (1836)Swan Creek & Black River Bands. Birch bark scrolls and petroforms were used to pass along knowledge and information, as well as for ceremonies. They have themselves to blame. I do not tell a lie.
Bug Bite Leaves Hard Lump,
Difference Between Autocracy And Democracy,
Articles P