the loba culture the loba culture
All those heaps of rocks that we would have climbed seemed like a models ramp compared with this ride. Many farmers have stopped farming activities in Lo-manthang, as a consequence, widespread abandonment of the cultivated land is observed. Frer-Haimendorf, Christoph Von. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41257-023-00084-1, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s41257-023-00084-1. In Climate cultures: Anthropological perspectives on climate change, ed. The formal Kingship ended by the Nepali state in 2008. Life and livelihoods in the Forbidden Kingdom, the Trans-Himalaya. They need to pay a little higher amount to the community for that. Kailash, 7 (3 & 4), pp. precious and living historical data of life and culture for future generations. Education and trade also take turns seasonally. These options have changed dramatically in the last few decades with the influence of Nepali state and globalization as a whole. The barter animal hides, musk, bear paws and other items with Tibetans in exchange for tools and clothing. Lo-manthang Rural Municipality (LRM), the local government provides grants to the ghenba system to maintain irrigation canals. Despite the changes in the natural environment, geo-political relations, politics in Nepal, infrastructural development, and technological advancement that have taken place within the last seven decades in the region, the King, ghenba, dhongba, Lama have been playing a crucial role in maintaining a balanced relationship between people, surrounding environment and livestock, which ultimately supports peace, prosperity, and harmony among the people by regulating, managing, and protecting agriculture, pasture, and the monuments in Lo-manthang. 2005. Now Gomba has started enrollment of novices from other regions of Nepal. Pandey, Rishikesh 2019. International Journal of Anthropology and Ethnology 5 (1): 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41257-020-00039-w. Knrzer, Karl-Heinz. The path to Kagbeni is along the riverbed, mostly dry, with an occasional crystal stream meandering over the grey pebbles. protection project, which will be more conducive to the protection of the folk Lama Phunchok said: The fluttering prayer flags (lungta) are a piece of cotton cloth squared in size, with five colors: white, blue, yellow, green, and red. methods are basically the same as those in the Tibetan agricultural areas. Of course, we did not know this when we decided to hire an SUV, at extortionate rates, to get to Jomsom. In 2016, during the harvest of grass and crops, the common people were requested and labors presented one person per household to collect fodder and harvest crops for the King. Rules of society are based on the values of respect and honor. people is an integral part of the life of the Loba people, a mirror of the Loba nationality is an organic part of the life of the Loba people, a mirror of the Jabyang Sonam practises one of the oldest strains of Tibetan Buddhism. to restrain ghosts. Overview: The Loba of Nepal, numbering 35,000, are Engaged yet Unreached. Samar was nowhere in sight; all we saw were ridges. The six chhimes watch the livestock to prevent them from encrouching to farmlands. As they mature, they hunt animals in deep forest alone or by teams. The dhongba households, however, still have certain community obligations such as maintaining Gomba (monastery); support in rituals with food, labor, materials, and fuel; organizing important community festivals/rituals like Yartung, Tenchi Chiram (Tiji); and looking after their entire family members, including the parents and brother and sisters until they become adults. The Loba Loba culture # [ Loba Pakistan weaving] Lhoba weaving and Luoba bamboo, Luoba knife dance with the Tibet Autonomous Region intangible cultural heritage projects. animals and sacrificed ghosts or asked wizards to recite sutras, and used witchcraft I like to eat a kind of Kilolo, chiefs, headed local village government. The Loba live in the Mustang District of northern Nepal, at altitudes of between 11,000 and 13,000 feet. The role of local institutions in adaptation to climate change. (ABC News: Zoe Osborne) "In earlier times, there were nearly 125 monks here," says Sakya monk, Jabyang Sonam. The ABC trail was cool most of the way, thickly forested, with jaw-dropping scenerygurgling streams, flower-carpeted valleys, rhododendron slopes and bamboo busheswhereas the trek from Jomsom to Lo Manthang must be one of the most barren stretches on the planet, with nary a blade of grass, no tree offering shade, no grass to tickle your feet, just sand everywhere, two-feet deep in places, trying to swallow your boots. Gurung (1996) described a local institution called satthari (village council or a structure of village society), which is composed of different clans and kin groups in a community that legitimately works for local jural and political purposes. In the festivals of the Loba people, Both men and women do not wear shoe ware. The Kali Gandaki widens considerably just before Tsaile, and we crossed a tiny metal bridge at the foot of a massive canyon with a line of caves up on a 155-foot-high (47 m) cliff. As the study site is Lo-manthang of the Upper Mustang, the Population and Housing Census 2011 documented 569 individuals as the areas total population (CBS 2012). In the land of the Loba On the treacherous high-altitude trail to Lo Manthang, the walled city that is the capital of Upper Mustang province in Nepal and whose denizens are true custodians of a. However, existing literature grossly ignored the value of indigenous institutions as the adaptation mechanism to socio-cultural, techno-economic, politico-institutional, and geo-environmental dynamics. The people of Lo-manthang have experienced rapid changes in the natural environment, geo-political relations, political changes, infrastructural and technological development, trade, and economy since the 1950s. This is evident even in the way the Loba build their homes. 2015. Among the four major sects (Nyingmapa, Sakyapa, Kagyupa, and Gyalugpa) of Tibetan Buddhism, no Gyalugpa monastery was founded in the Lo kingdom. However, their everyday clothes and hairstyles have changed with the course of modernization. This type of household also has a compatible practice of fraternal polyandry. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. The Lhoba engage in barter trade with the Tibetans, trading goods like animal hides, musk, bear paws, dye (locally knowns as tamen or botanically known as Rubia cordifolia) and captured game for farm tools, salt, wool, clothing, grain and tea from Tibetan traders. various color patterns. Ask the Lord to call people who are willing to go to Mustang with the Gospel of Jesus Christ. This sort of household support management overcomes severe famine and extreme poverty caused by disasters. Dhongbas work for the King during crop cultivation and harvesting time. Very basic agriculture to supplement hunting was practiced. Uprety, Prem Raman. 1972. It is surrounded on three sides by Chinese-occupied Tibet. Lobas are one of them and quite a few in terms of absolute number. The view of this town from the bend was impressive. There are 30 totems and gods in the religion like the mountain, the tree, dog, pig, leopard, bear, pig, moon, sun and ox. They develop rules with a collective decision for transhumance practice. The Luba supplemented their agriculture by hunting and fishing in the surrounding area. Oddly shaped blood vessels on this freshly harvested liver are bad omens. Altogether, there were 18 households, they worked on a rotational basis. Dhungel, Ramesh. 2002. The midhi is a post that acts like a judge who advises the ghemba and the King when a dispute occurs. The chortens (temple) were crowded with garlands of rocks inscribed in Tibetan. But we pressed on to Lo Manthang. tight lower body and wrapped legs. The Ghara settlement lies outside the main settlement in Lo-manthang, which is more or less the same pattern as the traditional Newa: settlements of the Kathmandu Valley (Pandey 2004). The past in the present: History, ecology, and cultural variation in highland Madagascar. In Pokhara, we gorged on delectable cheesecake and plum pudding and got our pile of clothes laundered in one of the many laundromats that line the streets. Social-ecological vulnerability to climate change in the Nepali Himalaya. https://doi.org/10.1086/soutjanth.27.1.3629185. countryside. pp. The Loba are primarily farmers, shepherds, or merchants. This is done because the Loba believe that there is less chance of a woman becoming a widow if she has many husbands. The Loba celebrate four major religious festivals: Gine, Gensu, Gelung, and Nayuene. The Loba live in a kingdom that was founded by a fierce soldier under the oppression of feudal lords. "Gongbu Festival" is the most famous. The Ani Gompa, the Tsarang monastery, is a colourful structure painted extravagantly in ochre and red and visible from miles away. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. These five colors symbolize wind, sky, earth, water, and fire, respectively. The pressure on monks at Gomba from local people has decreased. Their hierarchy is not based on untouchability and lacks a higher level of exclusion, even in private spheres. In less than a month of release . Primary data were compared and contrasted during the analysis. The semi-structured checklist was prepared to guide the KII to seek information on institutions that govern their unity with the Lo kingdom, craft their norms, values, beliefs, perceptions, and adaptive strategies to cope with the changing socio-economic, cultural and environmental conditions. The sun was already up. Jiayingguan, commonly known as the Longwang Temple of the Yellow River, is located in Jiayingguan Township, Wuzhong County, Jiaozuo City, Henan Province, China. national characteristics and are an important part of the spiritual culture of The roofs are extremely uniform and smooth, and on each corner a small square is constructed so that prayer flags may be hung there. "Now we only have 52. Other data may have varying ages. 2547). The King and ghemba formulate or design rules and govern the community affairs, whereas Lama or gomba educate people about peace and harmony and ensure justice in society following the norms and values of Tibetan Buddhism. The surface elevation is between . J. Barnes and M.R. of the Loba Nationality has been carried on from generation to generation until Other visible impacts reported are increased invasive species, changed phenology of plants, increased incidents of crops and livestock diseases, and changed habitats of disease vectors. Whichever direction you turned, there was nothing but cobalt blue skies. Rapid cultural change: a case study of polyandry Marriage system among the Gurung Community from Upper Mustang, Nepal. Khattri, M.B., Pandey, R. Indigenous institutions as adaptive measures to environmental dynamics: an ethnographic study of Loba Community of Upper Mustang, Nepal. where he settled for a period of time. In Upper Mustang polyandry is practiced by Loba communities. Due to the practice of family planning, there is little chance of having a third male child, as a result, the families do not want to separate their second child as well. Indigenous environmental knowledge and its transformations: Critical anthropological perspectives. These local institutions are cooperating well, successfully regulating, managing, and protecting agricultural, forest, and pasture lands, and maintaining the monuments in Lo-manthang for centuries. Today there are about 4000 Lhoba people in China but many Lhoba people also live in northeast India, Bhutan and Myanmar. (Press release on initial result of National Census on Population and Housing-Nepal. Aani Gomba was found in Thinger, Tsarang, and Lo-manthang in the past. The main function of this system is to prevent conflict and violence among the main competitors/stakeholders in resource and service use. The Lo King and his officials sponsored to arrange religious councils between 14721475, where over nine hundred monks attended the meetings (Dhungel 2002). Central Bureau of Statistics. The fixation of the high amount of fine indicates the value of crops and the sensitiveness of crops for food security. Perhaps the river reached up to that height in the distant past? The next day, we drove to the Chosar caves near the Tibetan border to see the many caves on the mountainside that were once home to monks. The ghenba system in Lo-manthang is led by eight households from Bista/Kutak clan. Springer Nature. Nepal is multi ethnic, multi lingual and multi cultural country. One of the works of the Lama is to assist people in erecting lungta in different locations of the settlements, agricultural fields, and sacred sites, including the cemetery. people also used carved wooden knots to record things. Occasionally, a daring four-wheel-drive vehicle might brave the odds to drive to Lo Manthang, the capital. activities. The Lord longs to set the Loba free from earthly and spiritual bondages, and to birth them into the Kingdom founded upon His Son, Jesus Christ. Caizhao Village now has a small village with Lhoba features, a folk customs museum. Time factor becomes important because of watching convenience to the assigned individuals. Little, if any, history of Christianity. : 2000 AD BLo(Mustang) Ko Saskritik Sampada (In Nepali Cultural Heritage of Mustang). The prospect of bouncing about again in a bus bound for Jomsom for 12 to 15 hours stared us in the face. The three mausoleums outside Guanzhou refer to the Fuling Tombs of Nuerhachi, the Taizong Emperor of the Qing Dynasty, and the Zhaoling Tombs of the Taizong. These institutions are built-in social bonds, known as social cement, with reciprocity for mutual benefits (Yaro et al. Uphoff, Norman, and Buck Louise. j. anthropol. Legends claim that a fierce soldier named Ame Pal founded the Kingdom of Mustang some time between 1350 and 1380. Their third name, which is given them by the guru, or the Hindu spiritual teacher, is to be kept a secret. The Khampa were originally fearsome warriors, sometimes referred to as bandits, who held out the longest against the Chinese advance into Tibet. The belt is used not only to tie the dress, but also to https://doi.org/10.3126/dsaj.v6i0.8480. Xudulong Festival is the most special Lhoba festival which is celebrated on the second month of Tibetan calendar. Similarly, the rates of temperature rise vary in different ecological zones of Nepal: Trans-Himalaya (0.090 C), Himalaya (0.060C), Middle Mountain (0.080 C), Siwalik (0.040 C), and Tarai (0.040 C). When he does, the next son must become a Buddhist monk. They still practice reme ghyapkin, the turn system, in the community and household works by sharing responsibilities to maintain harmony among the community members. Dhongba households are ancestral property holders, which is transferred from generation to generation, mainly to the eldest son. These children are mostly sponsored by donors. Another issue is that some people have given up crop cultivation, but started fodder and tree farming, demanding a lot of irrigation during high water demand. A displayed zero can mean true zero, a very small rounded number or sometimes unknown. 1980. The concept of Wuyong has a significant influence on the life and work of Lhoba people. For some years now, these murals are being restored under the stewardship of Luigi Feini, an Italian who has trained the local people to do the work. It will not be long before roads open up this region and allow it to be swallowed up by mainstream life. They widely spread in the areas of Katanga, Kasai, and Maniema. The clothes of the Loba people are The popular way of cooking is putting the game in fire and covering by ashes to prepare for eating. All Lhoba tribes celebrate The New Year after heavy harvesting and many also like to hold wedding ceremonies during the new year celebrations. Dhongbas are also obliged to send their second son and daughter to monasteries to be trained as monks and nuns. Lhoba societies are patriarchal and in the feudal past, women had no rights and had inherited nothing from their husbands and fathers. in the Loyu area in southeastern Tibet and adjacent counties such as Chayu, 2008. The Loba practice this system wherever they go and whenever they need to share something. They take specific roles and responsibilities of irrigation management and other issues of community spheres. Migration, social change, health, and the realm of the possible: womens stories between Nepal and New York: womens stories. Peterson, Nicole, and Broad, Kenneth. For him, this system always favors the local feudal and gives them priority to harvest their crops first. In this way, the local institutions are supporting Loba communities to adapt to the changes, although the level of success in adaptation in a traditional way is limited, so the institutions, not only the community, demonstrated their dynamism to adapt to the change. Similarly, the seasonal weather pattern has become unpredictable as some winters are warmer than the springs as winter snowfall is shifted to early spring. world and the social development is slow. We have also used secondary data to evaluate the facts and ideas, from published scholarly journals to grey literature on the related themes. The Loba settlement is built as a clustered, mud-walled historical town. 7, 4 (2023). Gurung, Juddha Bahadur 2012. 300 per day per person. Until 1992, this area was closed to the outside world. One imagines the Loba as an omnipresent being gazing down at culture yet somehow remaining outside . The sun, which just the other day was seductively golden over the Annapurna, was blindingly silver and hot, as if out to burn everything in sight. today. Thus, Lamas are always supportive of the overall ecosystem, and warding the socio-cultural and psychological well-being of Loba people whenever they are in pain, panic, and trouble. The politico-institutional changes in the Upper Mustang have been remarkable in the last seven decades. However, this practice is being changed slowly as new generations of Loba began to marry outside the cross-cousin relations. Abadani, the ancestor of the Loba people, Chhetri, and K.P. Lhoba population consists of many tribes; Bogar, Ningbo, Adi and Tajin peoples to name some. A preliminary report on kinship terminologies of the Bodish section of Sino-Tibetan speaking peoples. All rights reserved. In Krishna B. Bhattachan, Pasang Sherpa and Pasang Dolma Sherpa (Eds.) Nepal. Education and rituals are integral parts of livelihood systems, particularly as the primary function of Buddhist education is to develop an attitude of having belief and values for the individual, nature, and a system of balance, harmony, and co-existence. 145179, ISBN: 9789937597487, https://soscbaha.org/ebook/conference-proceedings-2016/. Dhongba households do have certain community obligations such as maintaining Gomba (monastery) (support rituals with food, labor, materials, and fuels), organizing community festivals like Yartung, Tenchi Chiram (Tiji) rituals, and supporting the royal palace as required. The changes are limited to the rise of temperature and the forms and seasons of precipitation (Pandey 2016). 2004. Macao is located at the junction of saltwater and fresh water, and the crab produced is delicious. The selection of the KII was based on informants experience and their knowledge of the respective theme of the study. To support the palace, some households were categorized as the nagjin to work inside the palace: cleaning rooms, carrying loads, processing and cooking foods, and grinding or preparing tsampa were their main tasks. Road networks have linked them to the market, which supplies required materials at a lower price and through easier ways than producing those consumables locally. This hotel supports to employ some Loba youth and contributes to the economic development of the region. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Sherpa, Pasang. of the Loba people, the dates of the annual festivals vary from place to place, Ethnography of climate change: Loba strategies to adaptation in Lo-manthang, Upper Mustang, Nepal. The fieldwork in Lo-manthang, Upper Mustang started in 2012, but regular interviews and observations were conducted in 2014, 2015, 2016, and 2023 respectively. In a couple of hours, we crossed Ekla Bhati village with a single dwelling and a fancy Roc Cafe, which advertised espresso and apricot crumble, but was locked. The theory of r kinship, descent and status in a Tibetan society. Tamtin Gurung, a local intellectual, said that the system is not favorable to the common people and it has not been harmonized with changing weather system. Anthropology and Humanism 36 (2): 193214. However, Loba people have been adapting to new and heavier conditions by hiring paid laborers supplied from outside. Frequently and even customarily in the Tibetan cultural world, faded gompa murals in a state of deterioration were overpainted. All seven of us squeezed into a jeep with our luggage strapped to the roof. Levine, Nancy E. 1981. 1986. Although the formal monarchy of the region was abolished in 2008 from Nepal, Loba communities still follow the monarchy institution informally and the King has not lost the respect of the Loba people. covered with heavy ornaments. A dyeing method in which fabrics are partially tied up so that t. O Bai (about 1610) - 1669, Manchu: Oboi) Guwalgiya Manchuria is set in Huangqi banner. They inhabit the Mustang and Dolpa districts in the northern part of the region (Dhawalagiri Zone), close to the Nepal-China border.. People Group Location: Omid. As the Lo-manthang was the center of the Buddhist Himalayan pilgrimage, various well-known Lamas, such as Tulko Lato Marpo, Rinchen Zangpo, and Yogi Lama Milarepa visited the Lo kingdom. It is surrounded on three sides by Chinese-occupied Tibet. The conceptualization of adaptive measures of Loba indigenous institution. Ask God to send Christian tourists and hikers to Nepal who will share the love of Jesus with the Loba. The local socio-economic, political, and environmental conditions have changed in the Upper Mustang in the last seven decades while the Lobas have been coping and adapting to all of these changes, whether well or hard. However, the house structures found at Mustang could pose a question as to whether the society has been derived from feudalism. 2000; Peterson & Broad 2009), to understand the variation in place-specific impacts of climate change. Accessed from: https://censusnepal.cbs.gov.np/Home/Details?tpid=2&dcid=27a1b4d1-9a2a-4205-96be-1c540c24f193. New situations such as changes in political, economic, and environmental contexts, have led the Loba people to some troubles in continuing the ghenba system. https://doi.org/10.3126/opsa.v9i0.1139. Buddhism seems to have been integrated into the original Bon faith. political, historical, natural common sense, family and marriage in reality, Sterling Publishers. They support people with the spiritual power that they have gained through meditation. What we know for sure is that from the conquest of Tibet to 1950s, Lhoba people were frequently bullied and oppressed by the Tibetans. see the historical development of the Loba people from the legend, which leaves https://doi.org/10.1029/92WR02991. Vinding, Michael, 1979. The Loba people believe in the The first category is ghiughar chhumbe/mhigyaba, who are engaged in worldly/materialistic life (politically and economically) and the second category is ranchunchube/dhawa who are engaged in spiritual and religious life. Legend of the Ancestors of the Loba Climate and weather discourse in anthropology: From determinism to uncertain futures. They focused on the role of local institutions in enhancing adaptive capacity to maintain the livelihood system (food, fuel, shelter, health, education, communication system, sovereignty over resources, and their management) in resource-scare ecological regions. The legend of the ancestors of the Loba Until 2008 AD, Lo-manthang was the capital town of the Lo Kingdom and Jigme Dorje Palbar Bista was the last King who had official recognition of raja (titular King) from the Government of Nepal. We stopped for a bite at the Yak Donalds restaurant. 1993. The Loba typically drink butter tea before and after work for energy and to prevent chapped lips. Lobas have maintained some traditional practices of livelihood and added new livelihood strategies. To receive the land, they fulfilled extensive obligations such as free labor of men and animals and contribution to the palace, both in cash and kind. Loba song, dance and music have the most The village head political system of Lower Mustang is described by Vinding (1994), in which two village heads, a treasurer, and six village workers are elected each year by the villagers, which is different from the formal politico-administrative governance unit of the state. Historical studies documented that the Lo Kingdom was incorporated into modern Nepal in 1789, maintaining a distinct cultural identity. They prayed for the blessings of ghosts and gods, often killed Village municipality developmental works are mostly done by these in-migrant workers since the members of the Loba community are not much interested in such labor works. According to the Amchi Ghyacho, there are three kinds of human life situations in which a Lama needs to perform rituals: Nakchi rituals are performed for sick people; Sinchi rituals are performed for dead persons; Karcha rituals are performed during the marriage and the birth of a child in a family. There are several studies on Upper Mustang, particularly on Lo-manthang. There are no competing interests in this manuscript. Milarepa Lama stayed one year while traveling to Kailash Manasarovar (Dhungel 2002). Although feudalism is more or less extinct in most of Nepal, it is alive and well in Mustang. Yellow school buses were plying on this single street, presumably bringing children from surrounding villages. They roast both animal and plant based food. The men also wear swords and carry bows and arrows. This research involves human participants, human data, and human issues. Lo-manthang and Lo Ghekar Damodar Kunda are two rural municipalities where thirty-nine village settlements are located (District Development Committee, Mustang, 2068 BS: 2012AD). In the household, the head lady decides the move of a brother to the pastureland, another one in trade or migration as a worker, and the one staying at home and taking care of the house, family and farm. Jomsom is a windswept, desolate outpost in northern Nepal in the shadow of the Annapurna range, which stops all rain-bearing clouds. Although the Loba follow the Sakyapa sect of Tibetan Buddhism; they are also influenced by the Bon religion as they practiced Bon in the past (Dhungel 2002). The second name will be the name they received from their parents at birth. 1999. Ritual and Religion in the Making of Humanity. According to a key informant, compared to other households, makhiu and sinkhor received good-quality land from the King for agricultural purposes. It is inhabited by the Loba and the Khampa. Local institutions and adaptive capacity to climate change/variability in the northern savannah of Ghana. The maides considered themselves nobles and saw the niebas inferior and at their disposal. Under the strict feudal society of Tibet, Lhoba people were considered inferior and 'wild. The first author who wrote this paper also presented at the international seminar held at the Central University, Jharkhand, Ranchi, India. Local people remembered the past and said that a knombo, the basket was torn-off, as they worked at the royal field and palace each year. The Chosar caves in Upper Mustang in Nepal, near the Tibetan border. https://doi.org/10.3126/dsaj.v11i0.18822. One of the main reasons for reduced interest in the system is associated with the out-migration of households, and they no longer utilize the irrigation facility. The ghenba makes rules and regulations on agriculture and fixes a specific day to begin the cultivation and harvesting of crops. Gongbu area (Milin County, Linzhi County, Gongbu Jiangda County). and women like chili pepper, snuff and alcohol. They have historical contributions to promote the Nepali economy and sovereignty of the country. Structures wrought by the wind and other elements over millions of years and looking like Grecian Corinthian or Ionic columns rose towards the sky. The region and culture In Upper Mustang the Tibetan culture, religion and traditions are believed to be at their purest, harking back to a Tibet before the Chinese occupation in 1951. The legend of the ancestors of the Loba The Kuthak and ghenba support the monarch in political affairs and ruling the Loba community of Upper Mustang. In such situations, the ghenba system looks for another person/household who takes the responsibility and pays that money to the person/household. The Gomba used to get some grains from the tenants/cultivators as rent, in proportion to the amount of seed being sown in the field. This turn system is unique to the Lobas and can be considered a primary democratic mechanism, which is instrumental to governing the people of Upper Mustang, particularly in Lo-manthang. To overcome this problem, the community imposed a new rule that each Bista household must perform the role of ghenba on their turn. Lo Manthang is a walled city tucked away in the folds of high mountain ranges far and away from intrusive crowds and even Nepals administrative reach.
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