neavs org biomedical research neavs org biomedical research
Ogden WebThe National Association for Biomedical Research (NABR) is an American nonprofit organization, 501 (c) (6), located in Washington, DC. WebThe NIH announces an end to funding biomedical research on chimpanzees and that all federally-owned chimpanzees are eligible for retirement to sanctuary, 2015. Typically, they rely on animal models, research subjects that mimic a specific malady. Given the complexity of translational research and the fact that any animal model cannot totally reproduce the human condition, there are many challenges and opportunities when NHPs are used for translation. . Phillips Today, NNEVS offers two conferences annually to provide medical professionals an opportunity to earn 5 CMEs at EACH conference and operates as a non-profit organization for scientific or educational purposes. Y 2010). AS Now the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH)the main supporter of chimpanzees maintained for biomedical researchfinds itself facing an incendiary debate over whether it should phase out such studies or breed more animals for future generations of investigators. The crux of my testimony is that imposing a dichotomy between ethical and scientific argumentsas asked to do by 2017). The preclinical research essential for meeting these goals requires use of NHP preclinical models. Roth, D.W.M. NHP centers provide animals and collaborate with diverse researchers from both academic and commercial laboratories. Commercial airlines that once transported NHPs no longer do so. I also hope these reviews will provide critical basic information on the use of NHPs for translational research to the very large number of stakeholders, including patients, involved with these high-profile diseases and to the general public. T L [22][23] A survey completed by the Humane Society Veterinary Medical Association in 2007 indicated that half of U.S. vet schools no longer require terminal labs in core courses. Others, like dogs and cats, are bought from random source animal dealers or acquired through pound seizure. endobj CRISPR/Cas9-based approaches make it possible to rather easily modify virtually any gene, or to create inactivated or deleted genes (knockouts) or to introduce genes of interest into the genome (knockins). In addition, the rigor of the requirements for animal protection (for example for cage sizes) and welfare has, in my opinion, not been described in sufficient detail for these Asian centers. Topics (overviews, concepts, issues, cases), Media (books, films, periodicals, albums), Terminal laboratories in veterinary education, Dissection choice policy in Massachusetts, Protection of chimpanzees from biomedical research, Common ground: animals, women, environment, American Fund for Alternatives to Animal Research, Howard, Carol. . These authors discuss many aspects of preclinical studies using NHPs, including the necessity for having the proper containment facilities, and the ability to study the effects of co-morbidities such as infection by simian immunodeficiency virus (leading potentially to simian AIDS), long-term exposure to alcohol, and diabetes. These prevalent diseases include HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, hepatitis, neurodegenerative disease, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, and defects in vision, among others. A major challenge for the research community is to find means to communicate with the public and the US Congress and executive branch more clearly and decisively regarding the importance of the animal-based investigations that are the current basis of translational research. Strange M Another example from the field of HIV/AIDS relates to the successful development of antiviral therapy (ART) that has turned HIV infection from one that is invariably fatal to one that can be ameliorated by the use of drugs. Zimmermann, E.J. This is, however, a highly nuanced issue. , Emborg ME. , Pinto da Silva S, Townend D, Sandoe P. Park Alternatively, less expensive and less comprehensive approaches can be used, such as exomic sequencing or genotyping-by-sequencing (Bimber et al. The ability of primate centers to quickly respond to relatively sudden increases in demand remains an unsolved problem. These conclusions regarding rigor appear mainly to be based on studies using rodents. I am not aware of any publication that has examined the comparative rigor with which studies using different species (for example, rodents versus NHPs or other large animals) have been performed. Nevertheless, there are now several examples of creation of genetically modified monkeys that can be used for translational research. Considering animals as mere research tools, an entire industry has been built around supplying animals to laboratories. Thus, there must be a parallel effort to accomplish more sophisticated NHP phenotyping in large numbers of animals. 333 Washington St Ste 850, Boston, Massachusetts, 02108, United States, Find your B2B customer within minutes using affordable, accurate contact data from Datanyze. As this article was being written, the US Food and Drug Administration temporarily suspended research aimed at understanding aspects of nicotine addiction using squirrel monkeys, apparently based on a direct request of the primatologist, Dr. Jane Goodall, to the FDA Commissioner (McGinley 2017). Translational studies using NHPs depend on the availability and characterization of animals, high-quality animal husbandry and welfare, and the development of assays and technologies. Marr, [91] D. Disharoon, B.G. Much of this discussion is centered around the use of rodents, not NHPs, and is based, in part, on two observations: First, data obtained from animal models obtained by academic laboratories and their industrial collaborators, published in highly regarded peer-reviewed journals, often cannot be reproduced by development teams within pharmaceutical companies. 2016, 2017; Cornish et al. The majority of animals used in experiments are purposely bred for research. [40][41][30], In 2000, the Chimpanzee Health Improvement, Maintenance, and Protection (CHIMP) Act was signed into law, authorizing the retirement of chimpanzees in research who were "not needed". As discussed by Hewitt et al. These approaches, whether whole genome sequencing or alternatives, are likely to primarily identify Mendelian (single gene) mutations but are less likely to identify the great majority of genetic variants that contribute to complex diseases, such as cardiovascular conditions, which are caused by several genes (each of which contributes a low probability of risk to disease). G In 1871, Professor Henry Ingersoll Bowditch established the first U.S. vivisection lab at Harvard Medical School, inciting concern from Edward Clement, editor-in-chief of the Boston Evening Transcript, which subsequently ran a series of anti-vivisection editorials. Environmental enrichment is required by the Animal Welfare Act and is essential for maintaining the welfare of NHPs, reducing stress, and maintaining optimal health in these animals. 2016) should increase and contribute to the utility of NHPs for translational research. Kris Coleman and Melinda Novak review best practices for environmental enrichment in the husbandry of NHPs. Web (NHPs) . J , Lutz C. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. Please support our vital campaigns and outreach programs. New technologies, alternatives, and clinical and epidemiological studies in humans can provide us better, more relevant answers without causing animal suffering. Presentation slides from the spring and fall conferences are now available to all registered attendees with password access. They cite approaches to vaccine development that were first tested successfully in NHPs and have now moved to Phase II human clinical trials and also make the point that some vaccine approaches that appeared to be successful in mice, but were not tested in NHPs, failed in humans. 2013; Vasbinder and Locke 2016), the European Union (Olsson et al. , Schoenbaum EE, Lee LS, Schteingart DE, Marantz PR, Anderson KE, Platt LD, Baez A, Esposito K. Sasaki These classes of animals are needed to keep breeding colonies at optimal levels to support the number and diversity of NHP-based translational studies and thus can be in short supply for investigations. ARLO aims to JA Vision research provides one of the most clear-cut examples of the advantages of NHP preclinical models because of the close physiological similarities between humans and NHPs. Abstract and Figures. endobj Smaller colonies of the new world marmoset (Callithrix jaccus) are also housed at the NPRCs. Neeves, [93] C.J. Chen Federal legislation introduced in 2015 gained momentum toward ending Paper topics include findings of research chimpanzee autopsy reports, the implications of genetic differences between chimpanzees and humans, and the applicability of using chimpanzees as research models for cancer, hepatitis C, and AIDS. A major goal is to develop better drug formulations or new approaches that can sustain viral remission, also called a functional cure without ART, or eradicate virus completely, called a sterilizing or classic cure (NIH Office of AIDS Research 2017 ). , Liesz A. Manolio (2008). Webbe included when sending NBS cards in for testing. Large animal models such as dogs and swine are also used in some fields, such as oncology and transplantation medicine. Information includes, among others, the animals age and sex, source of supply, genetic constitution, pathogen status, diet, housing, and others. , Coleman K, Hobbs TR, Lutz C. Van Rompay This type of coordination will, among other benefits, identify enough animals of high potential in regard to a specific disease, such that a relatively small number of animals, prescreened as likely candidates, can be sequenced. AWS Mapping, rather than sequencing per se, has been used successfully to identify Quantitative Trait Loci in baboons that contribute to complex diseases (Cox et al. For many years, the United States has been the center of gravity for breeding and characterizing NHPs for preclinical research, with some breeding in Europe. Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplant. DG [43], On June 26, 2013, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) announced it would move forward with plans to retire almost 90% of its chimpanzees to sanctuary. 2016). 2017). 2017 and references therein). Annual membership to the NNEVS gives you access to CME events, networking opportunities and much more. The preclinical research essential for meeting these goals requires use of NHP preclinical PJ Cause IQ is a website that helps companies grow, maintain, and serve their nonprofit clients, and helps nonprofits find additional foundation funding. They summarize data for disorders associated with ovarian and uterine function and deleterious conditions associated with pregnancy. Cox Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. John D. Harding at. , Mehra S, Lackner A, Kaushal D. Griffin China has also increased its capacity to perform contract research that can be out-sourced to pharmaceutical companies (Xia and Gautam 2015). . NEAVS' Fellowship Grant for Alternatives to Animal Research in Women's Health and Sex Differences funds a woman committed to alternatives to animal methods in the investigation of women's health or sex differences in research results. Annual membership fee of $35 is due by April 30 of each year. 2016). Michelle Wade, Continuing Education Coordinator. (5) Design of primers for assays that utilize the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and for genetic modification using CRISPR/Cas9 or other techniques for developing genetically modifying animals. These new approaches cannot be pursued in the absence of an animal model that can replace the chimpanzee. [25][28][26], NEAVS launched its national Project R&R: Release and Restitution for Chimpanzees in U.S. Laboratories campaign in 2003 to end the use of chimpanzees in invasive biomedical research and provide them permanent homes in sanctuary. Rodents may not be relevant models, because their physiology and response to infection are not sufficiently close to those of humans. WebNYITCOM Associate Professor of Clinical Sciences Maria Pino, Ph.D., has co-authored a new research paper that makes a strong case for why a golden spice commonly found in curry could enhance ovarian cancer treatments. International HapMap Consortium Founded by Ethel Thurston, PhD, in 1977, AFAAR's mission is to "promote and assist the development and use of alternatives to animals in science." "Yes, Dad, There Are Alternatives." The authors emphasize many different aspects of this topic, including effects of genetics, epigenetics, and diet on CVD; the relationship of infectious disease and CVD, as exemplified by studies of Chagas disease; and the use of stem cell-based technologies to develop NHP preclinical models. Defining translational research: Implications for training, Prospects for genetically modified non-human primate models, including the common marmoset, Generation of transgenic non-human primates with germline transmission, SCHEER (Scientific Committee on Health, Environmental and Emerging Risks), Mitochondrial gene replacement in primate offspring and embryonic stem cells, IACUC review of nonhuman primate research, Tackling HIV and AIDS: Contributions by non-human primate Models, Introduction: Global laws, regulations, and standards for animals in research, NMP models for understanding the pathogenesis of HIV infection and AIDS, Biopharma CRO industry in China: Landscape and opportunities, The population genomics of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) based on whole-genome sequences.
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